CBSE Class 10th History Chapter 3-The Making of a Global world Conceptual Notes

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The Making of a Global world

The countries which are present times are very much connected to each other like

Trades
Ideas
Business
Import
Export
Travel etc

Today we are living in the era of Globalisation

Thousand years ago -Globalisation was not emerged .

Present Time- Globalisation is highly emerged

How the normal world turned into a Global world

Globalisation

The movement of goods capital services ideas and people from one nation to other nation is called globalisation

Pre-Modern world

In Ancient time

Travellers traders priests and pilgrims travelled long distances for various purposes

Knowledge
opportunities
spiritual fulfilment
also used to carry different things like goods, skills , Money , Inventions, germs and diseases.

In Present Time

we have found many evidences of trade link in Ancient times such as cowries (sea shells)→used as currency(trade ) apart from this there are many other examples of Ancient Internationals trade.

Silk Route Link the world(Silk route(silk road)-Trade

Silk route was a network of a ancient trades routes which connect Asia, Europe, and Africa
Silk routes existed since before the christian Era till 15th Century
Many Goods travelled through this route such as Asian market(eastern countries Gold & Silver)→European market(western countries )
Goods(Chinese silk , Indian textiles , south east Indian spices )
Chinese silk was travelled through this route, hence it was named the silk route

Was the silk route only used for trade ? No

Chinese Missionaries, Muslim preachers , Buddhist Monks →They also travelled through the silk for spiritual fulfilment promote culture .The Silk route are a good example of vibrant Pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant part of the world

Food Travels:- Spaghetti and potato

Travelled long distances→Food also travelled [Along with travelling people food also used to travel]

Noodles(Originate from China) →Spaghetti (In western countries)
Pasta(Originate from Arab’s) → Sicily (Italy)
Common foods(potato, soya, groundnuts, Maize, tomato, chilli, sweet, potato )

we did not familiar about these food items in early period -Christopher Columbus

16th Century [Christopher Columbus-A famous explorer ]

Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered America
that time different types of crops were grown in America
Europe→familiar with→Potato
European began to eat better and live longer with the Introduction of humble potato but Potato(very strange)→Cause of Millions of people death.

Europe people became so Independent on Potato

Ireland(Country in Europe) in Mid 1840’s They grow only potato crop in their fields (but potato crops were destroyed due to diseases
1845-1849 about 10 lakh people died to this famine
The great Irish Famine(potato famine)

Conquest Disease and Trade

European discovered Asia and America through 16th century
Sea route →Trade had become easier
Europe decide to setup colonies
In 16th Century America was very much rich in terms resources
Different food crops, precious metals(silver)
El-Dora do(the city of a gold)
Europe decided to conquer America

Mid 16th Century

Portuguese & Spanish→to colonise America →America weak Immune system
Military /Arms-Not used
Used germs and diseases(small pox. chicken pox )
Many people died by these diseases
Europe easily captured America with the help of disease without using Military and Arms
Till 19th Century Europe was suffering from different problems
Diseases, poverty , Religious conflicts
Till 18th Century India and China was the richest country in the world
China restricted overseas contacts and retreated into Isolation
The rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade from china to Europe
The Europe become the Centre of world trade

The Nineteenth Century 1815-1914

1815-1914 How does Globalisation happen ?

The world changed profoundly in the nineteenth century

Changes

Economical
Political
Social
Cultural
Technical
External relations shaped

19th Century

Economists Identify three types of flows

Flow of trade(like trade of textile wheat etc)→For travel goods
Flow of labour(people migration from one place to another place )→For better employment
Flow of Capital(movement of money from one place to another ) →For Investment

A world Economy Takes Shape

Traditionally countries liked to be self sufficient in food (wanted to produce own food )
but this perception was changed in 19th century

Reason

Britain→High population growth→food demand increased then landed groups pressured the government to restrict the import of food items into the Britain.
British government agreed and implemented Corn Law

Corn Law and the impact

The Government restricted the import of corn & other food items in Britain
Britain’s landed groups got benefit
Britain become self sufficient in food .
but food prices increased due to high demand
People were facing trouble due to the high prices of food items
Industrialist and urban dwellers Now , they put pressure on the government to remove the corn Laws
The British government abolished corn laws.

Effect of Abolition of Corn Laws

Food imported at much cheaper rate than Britain could produce
British farm could not compete with cheaper imports
Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated
Large number of people became unemployed
Thousands of people migrated toward cities .

Mid-19th Century

Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore more food imports
East Europe, Russia, America, Australia Lands were cleared to fulfilled food demand of Britain
For foods imports will also require transport facilities
Railway lines were setup to supply food to the ports
London emerged as new financial centre were capitals were invested
Shortage of labour in America and Australia.
So nearly 50 million people migrated from Europe to America
World wide nearly 150 million people migrated to different places by 1890’s .

Role of Technology

19th Century Major Inventions

Railways
Steam ship
Tele graph

Before 18th Century

America shipped meat to Europe
Live animals were shipped from America and these Animals were slaughtered in Europe

Problems

Occupied more space
get die or weak or sick on the way.
this meat was unfit to eat but this meat was very expensive due to high demand

After 1870’s

Refrigerator were invented
old ships converted to Refrigerator ships
Now live animals were being slaughtered in America itself
And the meat was exported to Europe by keeping it in the refrigerator

Advantages

It became easy to carry because it occupied less space
it stayed fresh longer due to refrigerator
Meat easily available and prices were decreased
Poor people were able to afford meat easily and take healthy diet

Late Nineteenth Century-Colonialism

Trade flourished , Markets expanded
but it was also affecting many countries they experienced
Loss of freedoms and livelihoods
painful changes on colonialies , Europe had established lots of colonies .
Africa was the colony of many European countries

In 1885

The Big European powers met in Berlin

Reason

To divide Africa in various European powers

Rinderpest , or the Cattle Plague

Historically-Africa

Huge continent
Sparsely populated
Lots of resources and minerals
Animals were in abundance
Now Europe wants to conquered Africa
Europeans came to Africa hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe
European’s observed Shortage of labour in Africa
Africans labour don’t want to work

Europeans adopted many methods for free African people

Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines
Inheritance laws were changed only one member of family was allowed to inherit land
Mine workers were confined to campus not allowed to move freely

During 1880’s Disease -Rinderpest (Cattle plague)

How did Rinderpest come to Africa ?

It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers
Rinderpest spread in Africa like forest fire
wiped out 90% cattle population
Africans livelihood were destroyed
Africans left with no choice but to work in plantation and mines

Indentured labour Migration from India

Indentured labour → Bounded labour :- A type of labour in which people were hired on the contract basis for a specific time period

In 19th Century

Britishers sent Indentured labour from India that time Britishers ruled over India
why they were Migrated ? because of
Cottage industries declined
land rents rose
Lands were cleared for mines and plantations
poor people failed to pay their rents and debt
Indian Indentured labours migrate Caribbean Islands , Mauritius, Fiji
Most of the Indentured labour of India migrate to these three places

Assam India→Tea plantation field

Indentured labour were also recruited for work on this place
They had to work in horrible conditions
They did not have any legal rights
They were hoping that after leaving here they would not have to live in poverty
in 1921 Indentured labour system abolished after our Indian national leaders protest against Indentured labour

Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad 19th Century

Two famous group of bankers and traders Shikaripuri shroff & Nattukottai chettiars who financed export agriculture in central and southeast Asia
Financially helped to small farmers for expanding their business outside
Similarly Hyderabad’s Sindhi’s Indian traders and money lenders
During 1860’s they follow European countries for trade
They established emporia at different sea ports

Indian Trade colonialism and the Global System

During 1780’s India →Trade (Cotton clothes ) → Britain
The Indian cotton textile was getting a lot of profit
British Industries owners put pressure on the British government to stop export India
Government implement Tariff barrier increase import tax
1800 → 30 % Cotton cloths exported
1850 → 15% Cotton cloths exported
1870 → 03% Cotton cloths exported , Manufactured cloths decreased and Raw cotton increased
1812 → 05% Raw cotton exported
1871-35% Raw cotton exported

The Indian market was suffering

India’s owns clothes were sold less due to high cost but Britain factory male clothes were very cheap so people were preferring to buy them
Britishers were buying Indian raw cotton at very cheap rate

Britain was getting huge profits (Trade surplus ) They used to

Britain used this surplus to pay the pension for British officials
And also used to pay the other country’s bills

The Inter-war economy

How was the economy during first world war ?
what was the Impact on the economy due to the First world war ?

Wartime Transformation

1914(world war 1 started) → 1918 (world war 1 ended ) Allied powers Vs Central Powers

Allied powers

Britain
France
Russia
USA

Central Powers

Germany
Austo-Hungary
Ottoman Turkey

This was the first modern Industrial war

Machine Guns
Tanks
Aircraft’s
Chemical weapons

Impact of first world war(world war I caused large scale dist ructions )

9 million dead and 20 million injured
Millions of soldiers had to be recruit
Europe’s working population decreased →Europe’s income also decreased
During the war women started working in the factories
Before war male workers but due to war female workers
Britain had a lot of money before world war 1
But Britain spent a lot of money during world war 1
Not only Britain had taken loan but many countries had also taken loan from America
America had become an International creditor from an International debtor

Post war recovery

Britain economy was much better before war
Britain had captured India and Japan market
when Britain was busy in the war it could not pay attention to the market
During the wartime Industries start developing in India and Japan

After War

Britain is not able to gain the same position in the market as before .
Internationally Britain is unable to compete with the Japanese market
During war goods increased (Uniforms, Health, Machines, Arms)
Goods → Production → Employment (Economic boom )
After war Goods demand decreased
Goods demand ↓ →Production ↓ → Employment↓

Agricultural Economy

Before war Eastern Europe was a major producer of wheat
During war wheat production was decreased in Europe but Canada US Australia , these countries started producing wheat during war
due to high demand of wheat these countries got lots of profit and became major wheat producer
After war Europe started production of wheat again
wheat overproduced , & wheat prices decreased
Agricultural crisis occurred

Rise of Mass production and consumption

world war 1 Many countries affected by world war first
America were also affected by world war first
but America’s economy recovers very quickly from war

America’s Economy (A new Important feature is produced )

Mass production-if something is produced on a large scale, it is called Mass Production .
Mass production concept was build by Henry ford (founder of Food motors)
known as Pioneer of Mass production
Henry ford used Assembly line method
benefit of Assembly line method the work gets done quickly , the production cost was very cheap
T-Model Ford world’s first Mass produced Car
in 1914 Henry ford doubled the daily wage to five dollar .

Car Production

1919-2 Million
1929-5 Million
also white goods production like Fridge, washing machines, Radio
prices were declined due to mass production
Housing boom-US people’s started buying these things for pro porous living standard
This way US recovered quickly

The Great Depression Period of economic declined (depression)

1929 → 1930’s

Production declined
Employment declined
Income declined
Trade declined

Reason of Great Depression

Over producing of agricultural goods
Agriculture goods were produced in huge scale after war
Agriculture goods prices were declined
Farmers Income declined
withdrawal of America US loans
European banks were failed
Currencies were collapsed
America (US) doubling import duties

Impact of Great depression on America (US)

The banks had stopped giving loans to the people
The banks started withdraw loans
The farms were distressed
Households were ruined
Business were collapsed
Unemployment were increased

India and the Great depression

Impact of great depression on India

Early 19th Century India

Major exporter of Agricultural goods
Major importer of manufactures

Great depression (1929-1934)

Import and export was halved
wheat prices were reduced 50%
savings, lands, Jewelleries Precious metals by selling these things India paid taxes to the Britishers

Rebuilding a World Economy-The Post war Era

WW1 →After two decades(after 20 years) WW2 (1939-1945)

Allied powers WW2

Britain
France
Soviet Union
America

Central Powers WW2

Nazi Germany
Japan
Italy

Impact of world war 2

60 million population of the world’s were died
about 3% population were died
Millions more were injured
More civilians were died rather than soldiers from war related causes

After world war 2

America Emerging as dominating power in western world
Soviet Union Emergence as dominating power in Eastern world

Post war settlement and the Bretton woods Institutions

After war Discussions were held by different countries for Post War recovery

Preservation of Economic stability

Economic stability
Mass production
Mass consumption
Good Income
Better Employment
Government Provides Employment

Economic links with Outside world

flow of trade
flow of labour
flow of capital etc

July 1944 Bretton Woods Hampshire (USA)

United nations Monetary and financial conference (UNMFC)

Bretton wood Institutions

International Monetory fund IMF
International Bank for Reconstruction & Development IBRD

International Monetory fund IMF

To deals with external surplus and deficit of its member nations

International Bank for Reconstruction & Development IBRD

To support countries financially for reconstruction after war
USA dominance was more in these institutions in decision making
This System was working under in fixed exchange rate
35 dollar=Per Ounce of gold

The Early Post war years

1950’s-1970’s

This period was mostly stable because world trade grew annually at over 8% (the growth was also mostly stable without large fluctuations )
Developing countries were in a hurry to catch up with the advance industrial countries

Decolonisation and Independence

After the end of world war 2 over the next 20 years most colonies in Asia and Africa emerged as free independent nations
Poverty
Hunger
Lack of resources
Bretton wood institutions only supported developed countries not supported on developing countries
Developing countries →Organised →G77→NIEO(New International Economic Order)

NIEO

A system that would given them real control over their natural resources.
Fair prices for raw materials b\
better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries markets

End of Bretton woods and the beginning of ‘Globalisation’

After 1960’s US economy started going down because of rising cost of overseas involvement
The US Dollar now no longer commanded confidence as the worlds principal currency
fixed charge converted to floating exchange rate
developing countries initially takes loan from International Institutions but forced to takes loans from western commercial banks & private landing Institutions
high interest rate developing countries Gone into debt, Income decreased , poverty Increased
specially Africa and Latin America their economic condition were worsened

India & China

wages were relatively low in countries in china. thus they become attractive destinations for investment by foreign MN C’s competing to capture world markets
Similarly India have undergone rapid economic transformation.