CBSE Class 10th History Conceptual notes Chapter 5-Print Culture and Modern World

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7 months ago

Printing of Different things (Books Newspaper Magazines Posters etc)

Printing is the method or process to putting text and Images on paper is called Printing .

Topics Covered

How was Printing done earlier time ?
How was Printing advanced over time ?

The first Printed book

The earliest kind of print technology was developed in East Asia

Hand Printing-China japan Korea

In earliest time there was only print technology which developed in china japan and Korea that was hand printing

Print in China-594 AD

Method used-Woodblock printing (Hand printing )

woodblock printing was a technique of printing text or images on paper of rubbing of inked surface of wooden block.

Problem-Paper were thin and porous so only one side of the paper could be printed (Accordion book)

why were china printing books ?

China → Conduct exams for bureaucratic jobs →Bureaucratic system→Printing of printed material had started in large scale →Many Chinese candidates used to prepare for bureaucratic jobs that’s why they headed text books

By 17th Century

(Urban culture boomed (uses of print diversified )

Print was no longer used just by scholar officials Merchants also used print to collect trade information
Reading had become a leisure Activity

New Readers started giving preferences like

Functional narratives
poetries and autobiographies
Anthologies of literary masterpieces
Romantic plays
Rich woman started Reading books
Many women had started publishing their own books

All the printing that was being done till now was being done through hand printing because mechanical printing had not come before late 19th Century

Late 19th Century

Mechanical printing had arrived in china from western countries
due to mechanical printing the production of printed material were increasing rapidly
then Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture
Before 19th Century-Hand printing
After 19th Century -Mechanical printing (gradual improvement )

Print in Japan 768-770 AD

Buddhist Missionaries travelled china to japan along with they carried hand printing technique
The first printed Japanese book is the Buddhist-Diamond Sutra
Oldest book of Japan(published in 868 Ad)
Containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations
pictures were printed on textiles playing cards and paper money

In Media eval Japan 13th-15th Century

Poets and prose writers were regularly published books
books had come in abundance so the book had become cheap
printing of visual material become an interesting publishing practice

Late 18th Century (Painting expand )

City that time Edo(Tokyo now) creates lot of paintings which depict urban culture
Liberals & bookstores were packed with Hand printing Materials

Kitagawa Utamaro (Famous Japanese Artist )

Born in 1753 in Edo (Tokyo)
He made different types of painting like depicting the floating world, depicting the ordinary human expressions
This art form is called Ukiyo’s

Print comes to Europe

As we know silk route where people travelled along with spices disease also paper . Chinese paper reached Europe Via silk route through paper -Manuscripts created

How did print Technology come to Europe ?

Marco polo (Italy famous Explorer )

Exploring china
Lear printing Technology

In 1295

Marco polo returned to Italy after many years of exploration in china
they carried hand printing woodblock printing to Italy (Europe)
Now Italy began producing books with woodblocks
Rich people in society (Aristocrats) didn’t prefer printed books because of poor paper quality and very cheap they think it will be low standard (this will bring down their standard)
for rich people (Aristocrats ) special type of Manuscripts written is called Vellum

Vellum

Made up of animal skin (very expensive )
European students and Merchants were very happy because they could afford these printed books
Hand printing (woodblock printing ) technique was not very popular in Europe

Books→Demands high→But supply less

Then book sellers started hiring scribers (high skilled writers )
Scribers -Who make Many manuscripts by copying Manuscript by writing but Manuscript were not fulfilled these rising demands of books

Reason

Writing Manuscript was a time consuming process
And very expensive process
Marco polo hand printing began to become popular in Europe
Now woodblock printing was a visible alternatives for book sellers
still there was a great requirements for that technology which
very cheap to manage
printing can be done quickly

Now Entry (Johan’s Gutenberg ) German Inventor

1930’s

Invented the worlds first Mechanical printing press

Gutenberg and the printing press

Gutenberg was the son of Merchant and grow up on a large agriculture state
from his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses
Subsequently he learn the art of polishing stones become a Master goldsmith

Johan’s Gutenberg First Printing Press

Screw platen
Handle print block

By 1448 Gutenberg perfected his printing press
with the help of this printing press first book print is bible (about 180 copies were printed and it took 3 years)
The new technology did not entering displace the existing art of producing books by hand
borders were illuminated by hand and patterns Images and illustrations were also painted by hand

By 1550

Printing press were setup in entire Europe
Books production boomed
Mid 15th Century-20 million
Mid 16th Century-200 million
Hand printing to Mechanical printing shifting is called print Revolution

Print Revolution and its Impact -Before print revolution only

Elite people(Rich people )

These were the literate people
they were very rich they could easily afford books

Common people (Poor peoples )

These were the illiterate people
They were very poor they couldn’t easily afford books
They followed only oral culture (Printed materials were only transmitted )

A new Reading public -During Print Revolution

Books prices decreased
Common people could easily afford the books but common people think (why should they buy books when they are illiterate)
Book Publishers , book launched such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures
common people could easily understand these books even they were illiterate
Earlier there was a hearing public now a reading public came into being

Religious debates and the fear of print

Some people were also fear of print , it was feared that if there was no control over what was printed then rebellious and irreligious thought might spread

1517 Martin Luther-Religious Reformer

Written 95 thesis
Criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman catholic Church
Challenged the church to debate his ideas
Group divides -Catholics , Protestant