1848
- Fredric sorrieu (french artist ) Imagined four pictures
Topics
- How did nationalism rise in Europe ?
- what changes were seen ?
- How people struggled for nationalism ?
- How did dynasty rule end in Europe ?
- How did nation state came into existence ?
1789
- French Revolution and impacted entire Europe
- we have seen political and constitutional changes
1789 changes occurs during the french revolution
- Power transfer from monarchy to common Citizens
- The three colour flag was chosen from France
- French language was declared as the national language
- New National anthem composed and oaths taken
- Estates General was elected and renamed national Assembly
- Internal custom duties and dues were abolished
1799 Napolian Bonaparte (Civil code of 1804 or Napolian code )
- Established equality before law
- secured the right of property
- abolished fudal system
- Transport and communication system were improve
- Standardised weights and measures and common currencies
- Guild restrictions were removed (freely trade)
Drawback of Napolian Bonaparte
- Lack of political freedom
- increased taxation
- censorship’s
- forced conscription into the french armies
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
*In mid 18th century there was no nation state inside Europe.
for nation state
- common language
- common culture
- common identities
Hobs burg Empire
- Idea
- culture
- tradition
- language
The Aristocrats and the new middle class
Aristocrat
- wealthy people of society
- owned states & townships in countryside
- socially & politically powerful
- families connected by marriage ties
- they spoke french
- United by a common way of life
Peasants
- Poor people of society
- Didn’t have much land and the same were even landless
- they were in majority
- they were not powerful
* due to Industrial Revolution new working class introduced = Middle Class
Middle Class → Idea → Nation Unity
Nation Unity
- Same Culture
- Same Tradition
- Same Language →Liberal Nationalism
Liberal Nationalism wants
- End of aristocracy rule
- government with peoples agreement
- freedom of Individual
- equality before law
- End of clerical privileges
- A constitution & Representative government
Educated → Middle Class → Not supported woman and peasants they started protest men without property and woman .
Traders problem → Hamburg → Nuremberg
- 11 tax barriers ( 5.5 % Tax)
- 30 different currencies
1834 Custom Union → Zollverein (started by Prussia and many other German started joined together )
- The Union abolished tariff barriers
- Reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two
- Promoted a network of railways
A new Conservatism after 1815
Napolian started ruled in 1799 and End in 1815
How did Napolian rule End ?
1815 Fight Between
Napolian &
- Britain
- Prussia
- Russia
- Austria
Defeat-Napolian
winning Team -Britain, Prussia , Russia, Austria (Conservative people wants monarchy rule back)
Conservatism
- Undo Nepolian changes
- Monarch restored
- Church power restored
- Social hierarchy restored
- Autocratic rule re-established
- Adopted the censorship
Britain, Russia, Prussia , Austria (Signed a treaty ) → Treaty of Vienna (1815)
Hosted by Duke Martnich(Austrian chancellor)
- Bourbon dynasty was restored in french
- A series of states were setup on the french expansion in future
- Prussia was given important new territories on its western front less
- Austria got control over north Italy
- Russia got Poland
- Confederation of 39 states which had been setup by Napoleon was left untouched
The Revolutionaries
Many Liberal nationalism people were not happy with conservatism→After 1815→Liberal nationalism underground
⇓
Started Secret Societies
- oppose monarchy and end autocratic rule
- wanted freedom
Giuseppe Mazzini
- Born in Genoa in 1807
- Italian revolutionaries
- member of the secret society of the carbonari
- The founders of two secret societies were
- 1. Young Italy in Marseilles
- 2.Young Europe in Berne
- Believed in unification of Italy
The Age of Revolution (1830-1848)
- July Revolution →French →Belgium (was a part of united kingdom of Netherlands, Belgium broke away from the united kingdom of Netherlands
⇓
- The Bourbon kings coronet ed after the Vienna congress of 1815 were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries .
- Established constitutional monarchy
- Louis Philippe was installed as a constitutional monarch
Greek Revolution
(Greek was part of the ottoman empire since 15th Century )
- 1821 Greek started struggle for Independence from the Ottoman rule
- Helped from western European countries , poet & artists
- 1832 The treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent nation
The Romantic Imagination and the national feelings
Romanticism- A cultural movement to develops a particular form of national sentiments
Johann Gottfried (German philosopher ) ⇒ The real culture was the culture of the common people -das volk
⇓
Culture is the true sprit of the nation (volks gest)
Hunger Hardship and popular revolt
1830’s -Great economic hardship were experienced in Europe
- Rise of →Unemployment →Villages →cities→slums→population
- small producers in towns were often ousted by the import of cheap machine →made goods from England
- Rise in food prices or bad harvest left the country poorer
1848
French City Paris (financial economic crises)
- Louis Philippe ran away and national assembly proclaimed a republic
Changes
- voting rights to all males 21 was granted ( except women )
- The right to work was guaranteed
Silesia Revolt
weavers revolt →contractor
- Angry with Contractor
- weavers breaks contractor houses and attacked
- contractor went to the army and requested for help
weavers fight → contractor army (11 weavers had died )
The Revolution of Liberals (Middle class wants nation states )
The revolution was lead by the educated middle class
- nation state
- parliamentary principles
⇓
- constitution
- freedom of press
- freedom of association
German region → Middle class people
↓
- All German national assembly (831 members ) (middle class )
- 18th may 1848 (meeting Frankfurt st. Paul)
- they went to king (Frederick William IV king of Prussia )
- king sent army to middle class members (831 members )
- movement end
- in this movement ignored workers artist
Reason for failed movement
- Middle class members ignored workers and artist
*Monarch realised the importance of grouting concessions to the liberal nationalist revolutionary for preventing unrest in the society
- serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in habs burg dominions and in Russia
- Hungarians were granted autonomy in 1861
The Making of Germany and Italy :-
Germany
Middle class→help→landlords(junkers of Prussia )
Prussia took over the leadership of the movement for national unification
Junkers →chief minister (ottoman Bismark) + Military→ fight (7 years)→with french Austria & Denmark
18th January 1871 (New King ) ⇒ kaiser William 1 (focused on modernising the currency , banking legal and judicial system)
Italy Unified 19th Century
- Italy divided in 7 states
- Victor Emmanuel II (Sardinia Piedmont)
Control
- Italy north area→Austria
- central area→pop
- south area →Bourbon king of Spain
*victor Emmanuel II called his chief minister count Cavour for unification
1859
- Count Cavour + french ⇒defeat the Austrian hobs burg army and controlled over the captured area
- Count Cavour helped from Giuseppe Garibaldi and in 1860 captured Italy south region and pop surrendered due to fear.
King of Full Italy
Victor Emanuel was decided as the king of united Italy.
The Strange Case of Britain
- The Unification of Britain took place with a long drawn process
- Scotland
- wales
- England ⇒different identities people
- Ireland
- in 1868 English Parliament seized power from the monarchy
- in 1707 the united kingdom of great Britain formed with the act of the union between England and Scotland
- Scotland + England→ make united kingdom of Britain
Ireland
- Catholics(Majority)
- Protestants (Minority)
in 1801 Ireland was forcibly taken by the British
New British nation
- British flag
- national anthem
- common language
Visualising the nation
18th-19th Century⇒Visualise
- India ⇒ Bharat Mata
Europe Artist →Nation →Female figures (Allegories )
- French Allegories⇒Marianne
- Germany Allegories⇒Ger-mania
Nationalism and Imperialism
*End of 19th Century
Nationalism→Imperialism
A large nation begins to occupy smaller nations to expand its territories and power that is called Imperialism
Case Study (Balkans Region)
- It was under the control of ottoman empire
- The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic, variation comprising modern day Romanian , Bulgaria , Albania Greece etc
- But due to the disintegration of the ottoman Empire one by one Balkan’s states broke away from its control and declared independence
- Fiercely Jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others
- The Balkan’s became an area of Intense conflict
- Russia, Germany, England , Austria, Hungary were keen to control over the Balkan’s
- This lead to a series of wars and finally the first world war
- Later Imperial Movement (freedom from dominants countries )
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